本篇文章给大家谈谈ftx的原函数，以及对应的知识点，希望对各位有所帮助，不要忘了收藏本站喔。
matlab中ftx()是什么意思
是对x轴也就是横向做fft，也就是fft(matrix,[],2);
因为有时候信号是二维数组，你做FFT要说明横向还是纵向。
还有fty，他等于fft（matrix）,这里不像ftx那么多参数，因为fft这个函数在matlab中默认对纵向数据进行操作。
这俩函数都需要写函数文件进行自定义的
已知x=ftxdt,其中fx为连续函数
lim(x→a)F(x)
=lim(x→a){[x²∫ (x→a) f(t)dt]/(x-a)
=lim(x→a)[2x∫ (x→a) f(t)dt-x²f(x)]
=-a²f(a)
这里,∫x趋向a f(t)dt是按不定下限积分做ftx的原函数的,即x为下限、a为上限
高数 请教一道关于多元复合函数微分的证明题 谢谢！
xfx’＋yfy’＋zfz’＝nf(x,y,z)
t(xftx’＋yfty’＋zftz’)＝nf(tx,ty,tz)
df(tx,ty,tz)/dt=xftx’＋yfty’＋zftz'=[nf(tx,ty,tz)]/t
df/f=ndt/t
f(tx,ty,tz)=Ct^n
当t=1时 f(x,y,z)=C
即 f(tx,ty,tz)=t^n f(x,y,z)
使用C#实现串口通讯，接受和控制单片机。
通常，在C#中实现串口通信，ftx的原函数我们有四种方法：
第一：通过MSCOMM控件这是最简单的，最方便的方法。可功能上很难做到控制自如，同时这个控件并不是系统本身所带，所以还得注册。可以访问
一个外国人写的教程
第二：微软在.NET新推出了一个串口控件，基于.NET的P/Invoke调用方法实现，详细的可以访问微软网站
Serial Comm
Use P/Invoke to Develop a .NET Base Class Library for Serial Device Communications
第三：就是用第三方控件啦，可一般都要付费的，不太合实际，何况楼主不喜欢，不作考虑
第四：自己用API写串口通信，这样难度高点，但对于我们来说，可以方便实现自己想要的各种功能。
我们采用第四种方法来实现串口通信，用现成的已经封装好的类库，常见两个串口操作类是JustinIO和SerialStreamReader。介绍JustinIO的使用方法：
打开串口：
函数原型：public void Open()
说明：打开事先设置好的端口
示例：
using JustinIO;
static JustinIO.CommPort ss_port = new JustinIO.CommPort();
ss_port.PortNum = COM1; //端口号
ss_port.BaudRate = 19200; //串口通信波特率
ss_port.ByteSize = 8; //数据位
ss_port.Parity = 0; //奇偶校验
ss_port.StopBits = 1;//停止位
ss_port.ReadTimeout = 1000; //读超时
try
{
if (ss_port.Opened)
{
ss_port.Close();
ss_port.Open(); //打开串口
}
else
{
ss_port.Open();//打开串口
}
return true;
}
catch(Exception e)
{
MessageBox.Show("错误：" + e.Message);
return false;
}
写串口：
函数原型：public void Write(byte[] WriteBytes)
WriteBytes 就是ftx的原函数你的写入的字节，注意，字符串要转换成字节数组才能进行通信
示例：
ss_port.Write(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("AT+CGMI\r")); //获取手机品牌
读串口：
函数原型：public byte[] Read(int NumBytes)
NumBytes 读入缓存数，注意读取来的是字节数组，要实际应用中要进行字符转换
示例：
string response = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(ss_port.Read(128)); //读取128个字节缓存
关闭串口：
函数原型：ss_port.Close()
示例：
ss_port.Close();
整合代码：
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
namespace JustinIO {
class CommPort {
public int PortNum;
public int BaudRate;
public byte ByteSize;
public byte Parity; // 0-4=no,odd,even,mark,space
public byte StopBits; // 0,1,2 = 1, 1.5, 2
public int ReadTimeout;
//comm port win32 file handle
private int hComm = -1;
public bool Opened = false;
//win32 api constants
private const uint GENERIC_READ = 0x80000000;
private const uint GENERIC_WRITE = 0x40000000;
private const int OPEN_EXISTING = 3;
private const int INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = -1;
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct DCB {
//taken from c struct in platform sdk
public int DCBlength; // sizeof(DCB)
public int BaudRate; // current baud rate
/* these are the c struct bit fields, bit twiddle flag to set
public int fBinary; // binary mode, no EOF check
public int fParity; // enable parity checking
public int fOutxCtsFlow; // CTS output flow control
public int fOutxDsrFlow; // DSR output flow control
public int fDtrControl; // DTR flow control type
public int fDsrSensitivity; // DSR sensitivity
public int fTXContinueOnXoff; // XOFF continues Tx
public int fOutX; // XON/XOFF out flow control
public int fInX; // XON/XOFF in flow control
public int fErrorChar; // enable error replacement
public int fNull; // enable null stripping
public int fRtsControl; // RTS flow control
public int fAbortOnError; // abort on error
public int fDummy2; // reserved
*/
public uint flags;
public ushort wReserved; // not currently used
public ushort XonLim; // transmit XON threshold
public ushort XoffLim; // transmit XOFF threshold
public byte ByteSize; // number of bits/byte, 4-8
public byte Parity; // 0-4=no,odd,even,mark,space
public byte StopBits; // 0,1,2 = 1, 1.5, 2
public char XonChar; // Tx and Rx XON character
public char XoffChar; // Tx and Rx XOFF character
public char ErrorChar; // error replacement character
public char EofChar; // end of input character
public char EvtChar; // received event character
public ushort wReserved1; // reserved; do not use
}
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
private struct COMMTIMEOUTS {
public int ReadIntervalTimeout;
public int ReadTotalTimeoutMultiplier;
public int ReadTotalTimeoutConstant;
public int WriteTotalTimeoutMultiplier;
public int WriteTotalTimeoutConstant;
}
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
private struct OVERLAPPED {
public int Internal;
public int InternalHigh;
public int Offset;
public int OffsetHigh;
public int hEvent;
}
[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
private static extern int CreateFile(
string lpFileName, // file name
uint dwDesiredAccess, // access mode
int dwShareMode, // share mode
int lpSecurityAttributes, // SD
int dwCreationDisposition, // how to create
int dwFlagsAndAttributes, // file attributes
int hTemplateFile // handle to template file
);
[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
private static extern bool GetCommState(
int hFile, // handle to communications device
ref DCB lpDCB // device-control block
);
[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
private static extern bool BuildCommDCB(
string lpDef, // device-control string
ref DCB lpDCB // device-control block
);
[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
private static extern bool SetCommState(
int hFile, // handle to communications device
ref DCB lpDCB // device-control block
);
[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
private static extern bool GetCommTimeouts(
int hFile, // handle to comm device
ref COMMTIMEOUTS lpCommTimeouts // time-out values
);
[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
private static extern bool SetCommTimeouts(
int hFile, // handle to comm device
ref COMMTIMEOUTS lpCommTimeouts // time-out values
);
[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
private static extern bool ReadFile(
int hFile, // handle to file
byte[] lpBuffer, // data buffer
int nNumberOfBytesToRead, // number of bytes to read
ref int lpNumberOfBytesRead, // number of bytes read
ref OVERLAPPED lpOverlapped // overlapped buffer
);
[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
private static extern bool WriteFile(
int hFile, // handle to file
byte[] lpBuffer, // data buffer
int nNumberOfBytesToWrite, // number of bytes to write
ref int lpNumberOfBytesWritten, // number of bytes written
ref OVERLAPPED lpOverlapped // overlapped buffer
);
[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
private static extern bool CloseHandle(
int hObject // handle to object
);
[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
private static extern uint GetLastError();
public void Open() {
DCB dcbCommPort = new DCB();
COMMTIMEOUTS ctoCommPort = new COMMTIMEOUTS();
// OPEN THE COMM PORT.
hComm = CreateFile("COM" + PortNum ,GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,0, 0,OPEN_EXISTING,0,0);
// IF THE PORT CANNOT BE OPENED, BAIL OUT.
if(hComm == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
throw(new ApplicationException("Comm Port Can Not Be Opened"));
}
// SET THE COMM TIMEOUTS.
GetCommTimeouts(hComm,ref ctoCommPort);
ctoCommPort.ReadTotalTimeoutConstant = ReadTimeout;
ctoCommPort.ReadTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 0;
ctoCommPort.WriteTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 0;
ctoCommPort.WriteTotalTimeoutConstant = 0;
SetCommTimeouts(hComm,ref ctoCommPort);
// SET BAUD RATE, PARITY, WORD SIZE, AND STOP BITS.
GetCommState(hComm, ref dcbCommPort);
dcbCommPort.BaudRate=BaudRate;
dcbCommPort.flags=0;
//dcb.fBinary=1;
dcbCommPort.flags|=1;
if (Parity0)
{
//dcb.fParity=1
dcbCommPort.flags|=2;
}
dcbCommPort.Parity=Parity;
dcbCommPort.ByteSize=ByteSize;
dcbCommPort.StopBits=StopBits;
if (!SetCommState(hComm, ref dcbCommPort))
{
//uint ErrorNum=GetLastError();
throw(new ApplicationException("Comm Port Can Not Be Opened"));
}
//unremark to see if setting took correctly
//DCB dcbCommPort2 = new DCB();
//GetCommState(hComm, ref dcbCommPort2);
Opened = true;
}
public void Close() {
if (hComm!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
CloseHandle(hComm);
}
}
public byte[] Read(int NumBytes) {
byte[] BufBytes;
byte[] OutBytes;
BufBytes = new byte[NumBytes];
if (hComm!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
OVERLAPPED ovlCommPort = new OVERLAPPED();
int BytesRead=0;
ReadFile(hComm,BufBytes,NumBytes,ref BytesRead,ref ovlCommPort);
OutBytes = new byte[BytesRead];
Array.Copy(BufBytes,OutBytes,BytesRead);
}
else {
throw(new ApplicationException("Comm Port Not Open"));
}
return OutBytes;
}
public void Write(byte[] WriteBytes) {
if (hComm!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
OVERLAPPED ovlCommPort = new OVERLAPPED();
int BytesWritten = 0;
WriteFile(hComm,WriteBytes,WriteBytes.Length,ref BytesWritten,ref ovlCommPort);
}
else {
throw(new ApplicationException("Comm Port Not Open"));
}
}
}
}
}
由于篇幅，以及串口通信涉及内容广泛，我在这里只讲这些。
Linux 之mutex 源码分析
mutex相关的函数并不是linux kernel实现的，而是glibc实现的，源码位于nptl目录下。
首先说数据结构：
typedef union
{
struct
{
int __lock;
unsigned int __count;
int __owner;
unsigned int __nusers;
/* KIND must stay at this position in the structure to maintain
binary compatibility. */
int __kind;
int __spins;
} __data;
char __size[__SIZEOF_PTHREAD_MUTEX_T];
long int __align;
} pthread_mutex_t;
int __lock; 资源竞争引用计数
int __kind; 锁类型，init 函数中mutexattr 参数传递，该参数可以为NULL，一般为 PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL
结构体其他元素暂时不了解，以后更新。
/*nptl/pthread_mutex_init.c*/
int
__pthread_mutex_init (mutex, mutexattr)
pthread_mutex_t *mutex;
const pthread_mutexattr_t *mutexattr;
{
const struct pthread_mutexattr *imutexattr;
assert (sizeof (pthread_mutex_t) = __SIZEOF_PTHREAD_MUTEX_T);
imutexattr = (const struct pthread_mutexattr *) mutexattr ?: default_attr;
/* Clear the whole variable. */
memset (mutex, '\0', __SIZEOF_PTHREAD_MUTEX_T);
/* Copy the values from the attribute. */
mutex-__data.__kind = imutexattr-mutexkind ~0x80000000;
/* Default values: mutex not used yet. */
// mutex-__count = 0; already done by memset
// mutex-__owner = 0; already done by memset
// mutex-__nusers = 0; already done by memset
// mutex-__spins = 0; already done by memset
return 0;
}
init函数就比较简单了，将mutex结构体清零，设置结构体中__kind属性。
/*nptl/pthread_mutex_lock.c*/
int
__pthread_mutex_lock (mutex)
pthread_mutex_t *mutex;
{
assert (sizeof (mutex-__size) = sizeof (mutex-__data));
pid_t id = THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, tid);
switch (__builtin_expect (mutex-__data.__kind, PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP))
{
…
default:
/* Correct code cannot set any other type. */
case PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP:
simple:
/* Normal mutex. */
LLL_MUTEX_LOCK (mutex-__data.__lock);
break;
…
}
/* Record the ownership. */
assert (mutex-__data.__owner == 0);
mutex-__data.__owner = id;
#ifndef NO_INCR
++mutex-__data.__nusers;
#endif
return 0;
}
该函数主要是调用LLL_MUTEX_LOCK， 省略部分为根据mutex结构体__kind属性不同值做些处理。
宏定义函数LLL_MUTEX_LOCK最终调用，将结构体mutex的__lock属性作为参数传递进来
#define __lll_mutex_lock(futex) \
((void) ({ \
int *__futex = (futex); \
if (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (__futex, 1, 0) != 0) \
__lll_lock_wait (__futex); \
}))
atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (__futex, 1, 0)宏定义为：
#define atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq(mem, newval, oldval) \
({ __typeof (mem) __gmemp = (mem); \
__typeof (*mem) __gnewval = (newval); \
\
*__gmemp == (oldval) ? (*__gmemp = __gnewval, 0) : 1; })
这个宏实现的功能是：
如果mem的值等于oldval，则把newval赋值给mem，放回0，否则不做任何处理，返回1.
由此可以看出，当mutex锁限制的资源没有竞争时，__lock 属性被置为1，并返回0，不会调用__lll_lock_wait (__futex); 当存在竞争时，再次调用lock函数，该宏不做任何处理，返回1，调用__lll_lock_wait (__futex);
void
__lll_lock_wait (int *futex)
{
do
{
int oldval = atomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq (futex, 2, 1);
if (oldval != 0)
lll_futex_wait (futex, 2);
}
while (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (futex, 2, 0) != 0);
}
atomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq (futex, 2, 1); 宏定义：
/* The only basic operation needed is compare and exchange. */
#define atomic_compare_and_exchange_val_acq(mem, newval, oldval) \
({ __typeof (mem) __gmemp = (mem); \
__typeof (*mem) __gret = *__gmemp; \
__typeof (*mem) __gnewval = (newval); \
\
if (__gret == (oldval)) \
*__gmemp = __gnewval; \
__gret; })
这个宏实现的功能是，当mem等于oldval时，将mem置为newval，始终返回mem原始值。
此时，futex等于1，futex将被置为2，并且返回1. 进而调用
lll_futex_wait (futex, 2);
#define lll_futex_timed_wait(ftx, val, timespec) \
({ \
DO_INLINE_SYSCALL(futex, 4, (long) (ftx), FUTEX_WAIT, (int) (val), \
(long) (timespec)); \
_r10 == -1 ? -_retval : _retval; \
})
该宏对于不同的平台架构会用不同的实现，采用汇编语言实现系统调用。不过确定的是调用了Linux kernel的futex系统调用。
futex在linux kernel的实现位于：kernel/futex.c
SYSCALL_DEFINE6(futex, u32 __user *, uaddr, int, op, u32, val,
struct timespec __user *, utime, u32 __user *, uaddr2,
u32, val3)
{
struct timespec ts;
ktime_t t, *tp = NULL;
u32 val2 = 0;
int cmd = op FUTEX_CMD_MASK;
if (utime (cmd == FUTEX_WAIT || cmd == FUTEX_LOCK_PI ||
cmd == FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET ||
cmd == FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI)) {
if (copy_from_user(ts, utime, sizeof(ts)) != 0)
return -EFAULT;
if (!timespec_valid(ts))
return -EINVAL;
t = timespec_to_ktime(ts);
if (cmd == FUTEX_WAIT)
t = ktime_add_safe(ktime_get(), t);
tp = t;
}
/*
* requeue parameter in 'utime' if cmd == FUTEX_*_REQUEUE_*.
* number of waiters to wake in 'utime' if cmd == FUTEX_WAKE_OP.
*/
if (cmd == FUTEX_REQUEUE || cmd == FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE ||
cmd == FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI || cmd == FUTEX_WAKE_OP)
val2 = (u32) (unsigned long) utime;
return do_futex(uaddr, op, val, tp, uaddr2, val2, val3);
}
futex具有六个形参，pthread_mutex_lock最终只关注了前四个。futex函数对参数进行判断和转化之后，直接调用do_futex。
long do_futex(u32 __user *uaddr, int op, u32 val, ktime_t *timeout,
u32 __user *uaddr2, u32 val2, u32 val3)
{
int clockrt, ret = -ENOSYS;
int cmd = op FUTEX_CMD_MASK;
int fshared = 0;
if (!(op FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG))
fshared = 1;
clockrt = op FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME;
if (clockrt cmd != FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET cmd != FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI)
return -ENOSYS;
switch (cmd) {
case FUTEX_WAIT:
val3 = FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY;
case FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET:
ret = futex_wait(uaddr, fshared, val, timeout, val3, clockrt);
break;
…
default:
ret = -ENOSYS;
}
return ret;
}
省略部分为对其他cmd的处理，pthread_mutex_lock函数最终传入的cmd参数为FUTEX_WAIT，所以在此只关注此分之，分析futex_wait函数的实现。
static int futex_wait(u32 __user *uaddr, int fshared,
u32 val, ktime_t *abs_time, u32 bitset, int clockrt)
{
struct hrtimer_sleeper timeout, *to = NULL;
struct restart_block *restart;
struct futex_hash_bucket *hb;
struct futex_q q;
int ret;
… … //delete parameters check and convertion
retry:
/* Prepare to wait on uaddr. */
ret = futex_wait_setup(uaddr, val, fshared, q, hb);
if (ret)
goto out;
/* queue_me and wait for wakeup, timeout, or a signal. */
futex_wait_queue_me(hb, q, to);
… … //other handlers
return ret;
}
futex_wait_setup 将线程放进休眠队列中，
futex_wait_queue_me(hb, q, to);将本线程休眠，等待唤醒。
唤醒后，__lll_lock_wait函数中的while (atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (futex, 2, 0) != 0); 语句将被执行，由于此时futex在pthread_mutex_unlock中置为0，所以atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (futex, 2, 0)语句将futex置为2，返回0. 退出循环，访问用户控件的临界资源。
/*nptl/pthread_mutex_unlock.c*/
int
internal_function attribute_hidden
__pthread_mutex_unlock_usercnt (mutex, decr)
pthread_mutex_t *mutex;
int decr;
{
switch (__builtin_expect (mutex-__data.__kind, PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP))
{
… …
default:
/* Correct code cannot set any other type. */
case PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP:
case PTHREAD_MUTEX_ADAPTIVE_NP:
/* Normal mutex. Nothing special to do. */
break;
}
/* Always reset the owner field. */
mutex-__data.__owner = 0;
if (decr)
/* One less user. */
--mutex-__data.__nusers;
/* Unlock. */
lll_mutex_unlock (mutex-__data.__lock);
return 0;
}
省略部分是针对不同的__kind属性值做的一些处理，最终调用 lll_mutex_unlock。
该宏函数最终的定义为：
#define __lll_mutex_unlock(futex) \
((void) ({ \
int *__futex = (futex); \
int __val = atomic_exchange_rel (__futex, 0); \
\
if (__builtin_expect (__val 1, 0)) \
lll_futex_wake (__futex, 1); \
}))
atomic_exchange_rel (__futex, 0);宏为：
#define atomic_exchange_rel(mem, value) \
(__sync_synchronize (), __sync_lock_test_and_set (mem, value))
实现功能为：将mem设置为value，返回原始mem值。
__builtin_expect (__val 1, 0) 是编译器优化语句，告诉编译器期望值，也就是大多数情况下__val 1 ？是0，其逻辑判断依然为if(__val 1)为真的话执行 lll_futex_wake。
现在分析，在资源没有被竞争的情况下，__futex 为1，那么返回值__val则为1，那么 lll_futex_wake (__futex, 1); 不会被执行，不产生系统调用。 当资源产生竞争的情况时，根据对pthread_mutex_lock 函数的分析，__futex为2， __val则为2，执行 lll_futex_wake (__futex, 1); 从而唤醒等在临界资源的线程。
lll_futex_wake (__futex, 1); 最终会调动同一个系统调用，即futex, 只是传递的cmd参数为FUTEX_WAKE。
在linux kernel的futex实现中，调用
static int futex_wake(u32 __user *uaddr, int fshared, int nr_wake, u32 bitset)
{
struct futex_hash_bucket *hb;
struct futex_q *this, *next;
struct plist_head *head;
union futex_key key = FUTEX_KEY_INIT;
int ret;
if (!bitset)
return -EINVAL;
ret = get_futex_key(uaddr, fshared, key);
if (unlikely(ret != 0))
goto out;
hb = hash_futex(key);
spin_lock(hb-lock);
head = hb-chain;
plist_for_each_entry_safe(this, next, head, list) {
if (match_futex (this-key, key)) {
if (this-pi_state || this-rt_waiter) {
ret = -EINVAL;
break;
}
/* Check if one of the bits is set in both bitsets */
if (!(this-bitset bitset))
continue;
wake_futex(this);
if (++ret = nr_wake)
break;
}
}
spin_unlock(hb-lock);
put_futex_key(fshared, key);
out:
return ret;
}
该函数遍历在该mutex上休眠的所有线程，调用wake_futex进行唤醒，
static void wake_futex(struct futex_q *q)
{
struct task_struct *p = q-task;
/*
* We set q-lock_ptr = NULL _before_ we wake up the task. If
* a non futex wake up happens on another CPU then the task
* might exit and p would dereference a non existing task
* struct. Prevent this by holding a reference on p across the
* wake up.
*/
get_task_struct(p);
plist_del(q-list, q-list.plist);
/*
* The waiting task can free the futex_q as soon as
* q-lock_ptr = NULL is written, without taking any locks. A
* memory barrier is required here to prevent the following
* store to lock_ptr from getting ahead of the plist_del.
*/
smp_wmb();
q-lock_ptr = NULL;
wake_up_state(p, TASK_NORMAL);
put_task_struct(p);
}
wake_up_state(p, TASK_NORMAL); 的实现位于kernel/sched.c中，属于linux进程调度的技术。
ftx的原函数的介绍就聊到这里吧，感谢你花时间阅读本站内容，更多关于、ftx的原函数的信息别忘了在本站进行查找喔。
标签： #ftx的原函数
评论列表